Solid-state battery is a battery technology that uses both solid electrodes and solid electrolytes, instead of the liquid or polymer electrolytes found in Lithium-ion or Lithium polymer batteries.
The technology is seen as an alternative to Li-ion battery technology, which is believed to be near its full potential.
Video Solid-state battery
History
Michael Faraday was noted as having discovered the solid electrolytes silver sulfide and lead(II) fluoride, which laid the foundation for solid state ionics. High performance batteries are considered to be solid state ionic devices.
As early as the late 1950s, there were efforts in developing a solid-state battery. The first solid state batteries, which utilized silver ion conducting electrolytes, had low energy density and cell voltages, in addition to very high internal resistance.
A new class of solid state electrolyte, developed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the 1990s, was later incorporated into certain thin film lithium-ion batteries, which are considered to be a form of solid state battery.
In 2013, researchers at University of Colorado Boulder announced the development of a solid-state lithium battery, with a solid composite cathode based upon an iron-sulfur chemistry, that promised higher energy capacity.
In 2014, researchers at Sakti3 announced a solid state electrolyte lithium-ion battery, and claimed higher energy density for lower cost. The company was acquired by Dyson in the following year.
In 2017, John Goodenough, a co-inventor of Li-ion batteries, unveiled a new solid-state battery, using glass electrolytes and an alkali-metal anode consisting of lithium, sodium or potassium, which is not possible with conventional batteries.
Maps Solid-state battery
Materials
Many materials have been proposed for use as solid electrolytes in solid-state batteries, including ceramics, glass, lithium sulfide, magnesium, and sodium.
Use
Solid-state batteries have found use in pacemakers, Internet of things, RFID, and wearable devices.
Advantages
Solid-state battery technology is believed to be capable of higher energy density, because of their tolerance to higher temperatures, avoiding the use of materials in current batteries that may be dangerous or toxic.
Since most liquid electrolytes are considered to be flammable, solid state batteries are believed to be safer. As fewer safety systems are needed, a more compact battery is possible, improving energy and power densities.
Solid-state battery technology is also believed to allow for faster recharging for electric cars. In addition, higher voltage and longer cycle life is possible with solid-state batteries.
Disadvantages
Solid-state batteries are traditionally expensive to make and are noted to be immune to economies of scale. It was estimated in 2012 that, based on then-current technology, a 20Ah solid-state battery cell would cost US$100,000, and a high-range electric car would require 800 to 1,000 of such cells. Cost is noted to be a factor that has impeded the adoption of solid-state batteries in certain areas, such as smartphones.
In addition, low temperature operations may be challenging and solid-state batteries were once noted for having very poor performance, making their use in rechargeable batteries impractical.
Meanwhile, solid-state batteries with ceramic electrolytes require high pressure to maintain contact with the electrodes. Solid-state batteries with ceramic separators may break from mechanical stress due to their rigid nature.
Potential use in electric cars
Currently, hybrid and plug-in electric cars use a variety of battery technologies, including Li-ion, Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), Lead-acid, and Electric double-layer capacitor (or ultracapacitor), with many car makers adopting Li-ion technology for their EV offerings. A number of car makers and other companies, however, are looking into developing or using solid-state batteries due to the advantages described above.
BMW
BMW has partnered up with a company to develop solid-state batteries.
Dyson
Dyson, a company known for manufacturing household appliances, announced in 2017 that it plans to launch an electric car by 2020. Two years prior to the announcement, Dyson bought Sakti3, a company researching solid-state batteries.
Fisker
Fisker Automotive claims its solid-state battery technology will be ready for "automotive-grade production" in 2023. The company has also filed patents on the technology.
Honda
A spokesperson for Honda confirmed that the company is researching the use of solid-state batteries in electric cars.
Hyundai
Hyundai Motor Company is reportedly developing solid-state batteries and has already secured a certain level of technology.
NGK
NGK, a company known for spark plugs, is developing ceramic-based solid state batteries, utilizing its expertise in the area of ceramics.
Nissan
Nissan is developing a solid-state battery, but specific plans by the company are unknown.
Toyota
Toyota announced in 2014 its solid-state battery development efforts. In 2017, the company announced the deepening of a decades-long partnership with Panasonic, which will include a collaboration on solid-state batteries.
Alternatives
There have been efforts in researching hybrid battery technologies that utilize solid and liquid electrolytes together. One such battery was unveiled in 2015. Samsung SDI and LG Chem are also reportedly developing hybrid batteries.
See also
References
Further reading
- Dudney, Nancy J.; Wes, William C,; Nanda, Jagjit (2015). Handbook of Solid State Batteries and Capacitors (2nd ed.). World Scientific Publishing. ISBN 978-981-4651-89-9.
- Goodenough, "Batteries and a Sustainable Modern Society", Electrochem. Soc. Interface Fall 2016 volume 25, issue 3, 67-70, doi: 10.1149/2.F05163if
- Braga, M.H.; Grundish, N.S.; Murchison, A.J.; Goodenough, J.B. (2016-12-09). "Alternative strategy for a safe rechargeable battery". Energy and Environmental Science. doi:10.1039/C6EE02888H . Retrieved 2017-03-15.
- M. H. Braga; J. A. Ferreira; V. Stockhausen; J. E. Oliveirad; A. El-Azabe (2014-04-21). "Novel Li3ClO based glasses with superionic properties for lithium batteries". Journal of Materials Chemistry A (15).
Source of article : Wikipedia
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